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Lastupdated: 2010-01-02

MakeFile经验

符号说明
文件关联
函数大全[1]
字符串函数
杂项函数
文件名函数
流程控制函数
自定义函数

TOP符号说明

符号 说明
$* 工作目标的主文件名
$@ 工作目标的名称
$? 时间戳在工作目标之后的所有必要文件
$% 档案文件成员结构中的文件名元素
$< 第一个必要条件
$^ 所有必要条件
$+ 同$^, 不过包含所有重复的条件（解决链接依存的问题）

TOP文件关联

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# 利用以下的缩写关联各类文件
c.s:
        $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -S -o $*.s $<
s.o:
        $(AS) -c -o $*.o $<
c.o:
        $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $*.o $<

# SOURCE (将目录下所有的.c文件作为对象文件)
SRCS = $(shell ls *.c)
OBJS = $(notdir $(SRCS:.c=.o))

# 生成目标对象
TARGET  = xxx.o

.PHONY: all
all: $(TARGET)

$(TARGET): .depend $(OBJS)
    $(LD) $(LFLAGS) -o $@ $(OBJS)

$(OBJS): %.o: %.c
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(COPTION) -c $<


###########################################

## 没有规则的依赖关系
$(OBJS): Makefile xxx.h
## Makefile更新时，需重新编译目标文件
## 头文件更新时，需重新编译目标文件
## 源代码间的依赖关系（包括头文件），用 gcc -M 或 mkdep 生成

TOP函数大全1

TOP字符串函数

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# 返回字符串链表中条件相符的值
$(filter pattern ...,text)
# eg. $(filter %.c, $(all_source))

# 返回字符串链表中条件不相符的值
$(filter-out pattern ...,text)
# eg. $(filter-out %.h, $(all_source))

# 搜索字符串
$(findstring string...,text)
#eg. $(findstring /root/work/emma2th, $(PWD))

# 搜索和替换
$(subst search-string,replace-string,text)
# objects = $(subst .c,.o, $(sources))

# 具通配符能力的搜索与替换
$(patsubst search-pattern,replace-pattern,text)
#eg. $(patsubst %/,%, $(directory-path))

# 统计单词的数量
$(words text)

# 返回第n个单词
$(words n,text)

# 返回第一个单词
$(firstword text)

# 返回指定范围内的单词
$(wordlist start,end,text)

TOP杂项函数

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# 排序并移除重复的项目
$(sort list)

# 运行shell
$(shell command)
# eg. 创建一组目录
#REQUIRED_DIRS = ...
#_MKDIRS := $(shell for d in $(REQUIRED_DIRS); \
#             do                               \
#               [[ -d $$d ]] || mkdir -p $$d;  \
#             done)

TOP文件名函数

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# 匹配指定文件
$(wildcard pattern ...)
# eg. sources := $(wildcard *.c *.h)    所有源文件
#      dot-emacs-exists := $(wildcard ~/.emacs)  该文件有无？

# 返回每个单词的目录部分
$(dir list . . . )

# 返回文件路径的文件名部分
$(notdir name . . . )

# 返回单词的后缀
$(suffix name . . . )

# 返回文件名部分，不含后缀
$(basename name . . . )

# 添加后缀
$(addsuffix suffix,name . . . )

# 添加前缀
$(addprefix prefix,name . . . )

# 衔接前缀与后缀（链表中各元素对应）
$(join prefix-list,suffix-list)

# 移除前导和接在后面的空格
$(strip text)

TOP流程控制函数

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$(if condition,then-part,else-part)
# eg. PATH_SEP := $(if $(COMSPEC),;,:)

# 输出错误信息， 程序退出
$(error text)

# 输出警告，程序不退出
$(warning text)

# 循环控制
$(foreach variable,list,body)
# eg. 测试一组变量是否定义过
#VARIABLE_LIST := SOURCES OBJECTS HOME
#$(foreach i,$(VARIABLE_LIST), \
#  $(if $($i),,                \
#    $(shell echo $i has no value > /dev/stderr)))

# 查找变量来自何处
$(origin variable)
# 环境变量，makefile，命令行等等

TOP自定义函数

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# $(call has-duplicates, word-list) 是否包含重复内容
has-duplicates = $(filter               \
                   $(words $1)          \
                   $(words $(sort $1))))

# $(call source-dirs, dir-list)  搜索源文件的路径
source-dirs = $(sort                             \
                $(dir                            \
                  $(shell find $1 -name '*.c'))))

# $(call get-java-class-name, file-name) 返回java类名
get-java-class-name = $(notdir $(subst .java,,$1))

# $(call same-suffix, file-list)  所有单词是否有相同后缀
same-suffix = $(filter 1 $(words $(sort $(suffix $1))))

# $(call find-program,wildcard-pattern) 查找可执行程序
find-program = $(wildcard                       \
                 $(addsuffix /$1,               \
                   $(sort                       \
                     $(subst :, ,               \
                       $(subst ::,:.:,          \
                         $(patsubst :%,.:%,     \
                           $(patsubst %:,%:.,$(PATH))))))))
find:
        @echo $(words $(call find-program,*))

# $(call assert,condition,message) 普通assert
define assert
  $(if $1,,$(error Assertion failed: $2))
endef

# $(call assert-file-exists,wildcard-pattern) 文件是否存在
define assert-file-exists
  $(call assert,$(wildcard $1),$1 does not exist)
endef

# $(call assert-not-null,make-variable) 检查make变量是否为空
define assert-not-null
  $(call assert,$($1),The variable "$1" is null)
endef

# $(call assert-defined,variable-name) 检查变量是否未定义
define assert-defined
  $(call assert,                          \
    $(filter-out undefined,$(origin $1)), \
    '$1' is undefined)
endef


# $(call grep-string, search-string, word-list) 单词中搜索子字符串
define grep-string
$(strip                                         \
  $(foreach w, $2,                               \
    $(if $(findstring $1, $w),                   \
      $w)))
endef
words := count_words.c counter.c lexer.l lexer.h counter.h
find-words:
        @echo $(call grep-string,un,$(words))

# $(call make-dir, directory)  创建目录
make-dir = $(if $(wildcard $1),,$(MKDIR) -p $1)

$(config): $(config_template)
        $(call make-dir, $(dir $@))
        $(M4) $^ > $@

# $(call collect-names, root-dir, dir-list, suffix1-opt, suffix2-opt) 建立文件列表
define collect-names
  echo Making $@ from directory list...
  cd $1;                                                    \
  shopt -s nullglob;                                        \
  for f in $(foreach file,$2,'$(file)'); do                 \
    files=( $$f$(if $3,/*.{$3$(if $4,$(comma)$4)}) );       \
    if (( $${#files[@]} > 0 ));                             \
    then                                                    \
      printf '"%s"\n' $${files[@]};                         \
    else :; fi;                                             \
  done
endef
#eg. 创建图像文件列表
#%.images:
#       @$(call collect-names,$(SOURCE_DIR),$^,gif,jpeg) > $@

# $(call program-variables,variable-prefix,file-list) 利用eval解析程序变量--版本1
define program-variables
  $(eval $1_sources = $(filter %.c,$2))
  $(eval $1_headers = $(filter %.h,$2))
  $(eval $1_objects = $(subst .c,.o,$(filter %.c,$2)))
  $($1_objects): $($1_headers)
endef
ls: $(ls_objects)
$(eval $(call program-variables,ls,ls.c ls.h glob.c glob.h))

#$(call program-variables,variable-prefix,file-list) 利用eval解析程序变量--版本2
define program-variables
  $(eval $1_sources = $(filter %.c,$2))
  $(eval $1_headers = $(filter %.h,$2))
  $(eval $1_objects = $(subst .c,.o,$(filter %.c,$2)))
  programs += $1
  $1: $($1_objects)
  $($1_objects): $($1_headers)
endef

# Place all target here, so it is the default goal.
all:
$(eval $(call program-variables,ls,ls.c ls.h glob.c glob.h))
$(eval $(call program-variables,cp,...))
$(eval $(call program-variables,mv,...))
$(eval $(call program-variables,ln,...))
$(eval $(call program-variables,rm,...))

# Place the programs prerequisite here where it is defined.
all: $(programs)

# $(call source-to-object, source-file-list)
source-to-object = $(subst .c,.o,$(filter %.c,$1)) \
                   $(subst .y,.o,$(filter %.y,$1)) \
                   $(subst .l,.o,$(filter %.l,$1))

# $(call make-library, library-name, source-file-list)
define make-library
  libraries += $1
  sources   += $2
  $1: $(call source-to-object,$2)
        $(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $$@ $$^
endef
#eg.
# local_src := $(wildcard $(subdirectory)/*.c)
# $(eval $(call make-library, $(subdirectory)/libcodec.a, $(local_src)))

# $(call make-depend,source-file,object-file,depend-file)  产生依存文件
define make-depend
  $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -M $1 | \
  $(SED) 's,\($$(notdir $2)\) *:,$$(dir $2) $3: ,' > $3.tmp
  $(MV) $3.tmp $3
endef

%.o: %.c
        $(call make-depend,$<,$@,$(subst .o,.d,$@))
        $(COMPILE.c) -o $@ $<

# $(call get-file, variable-name)
define get-file
  $(strip                                       \
    $($1)                   \
    $(if $(call file-exists-eval,$1),,          \
      $(warning The file referenced by variable \
                '$1' ($($1)) cannot be found)))
endef

# $(call file-exists-eval, variable-name)
define file-exists-eval
  $(strip                                       \
    $(if $($1),,$(warning '$1' has no value))   \
    $(wildcard $($1)))

# $(call file-exists, wildcard-pattern)
file-exists = $(wildcard $1)

# $(call check-file, file-list)
define check-file
  $(foreach f, $1,              \
    $(if $(call file-exists, $($f)),,       \
      $(warning $f ($($f)) is missing)))
endef

1. 参考《GNU Make项目管理》,《GNU make中文手册》

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